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Keywords:
congruence; symmetric digraph; fundamental constituent; tree; digraph product; semiregular digraph
Summary:
For any two positive integers $n$ and $k \geq 2$, let $G(n,k)$ be a digraph whose set of vertices is $\{0,1,\ldots ,n-1\}$ and such that there is a directed edge from a vertex $a$ to a vertex $b$ if $a^k \equiv b \pmod n$. Let $n=\prod \nolimits _{i=1}^r p_{i}^{e_{i}}$ be the prime factorization of $n$. Let $P$ be the set of all primes dividing $n$ and let $P_1,P_2 \subseteq P$ be such that $P_1 \cup P_2=P$ and $P_1 \cap P_2= \emptyset$. A fundamental constituent of $G(n,k)$, denoted by $G_{P_2}^{*}(n,k)$, is a subdigraph of $G(n,k)$ induced on the set of vertices which are multiples of $\prod \nolimits _{{p_i} \in P_2}p_i$ and are relatively prime to all primes $q \in P_1$. L. Somer and M. Křížek proved that the trees attached to all cycle vertices in the same fundamental constituent of $G(n,k)$ are isomorphic. In this paper, we characterize all digraphs $G(n,k)$ such that the trees attached to all cycle vertices in different fundamental constituents of $G(n,k)$ are isomorphic. We also provide a necessary and sufficient condition on $G(n,k)$ such that the trees attached to all cycle vertices in $G(n,k)$ are isomorphic.
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